Day: December 17, 2023

“What went ye out into the wilderness to see?”

The questions of Advent reach a crescendo of intensity on the last two Sundays of Advent. They begin today with John’s great question to Jesus: “Art thou he that should come or do we look for another?” That, in turn, leads to the rhetorical questions of Jesus to the multitude in the wilderness about John. “What went ye out into the wilderness to see?” Jesus asks, with triple intensity. “What went ye out for to see?” “But what went ye out for to see?” In a wonderful paradox, Jesus’ questions to us point us to John who in turn points us to Jesus. Likewise, next Sunday the questions about John the Baptist by the “Priests and Levites from Jerusalem” lead to John the Baptist’s proclamation in “Bethany beyond Jordan” about Jesus as “the Lamb of God, which taketh away the sin of the world.”

What are these advent questions really about? They awaken us to the redemption of our desires by placing our desires, what I am tempted to call the ‘bad infinity of our desires’ (schlechte unendlichkeit – with apologies to Hegel), with God in Christ . Such is the redemption of our desires. Our desires belong to prayer in the sense of longing but our longing itself is essentially tragic because it is a longing for what we do not have and cannot attain. It is a desire for this thing and that thing in an effort to find the truth of our desires which is always beyond us. Dante captures this sense of the endless restlessness of desire in the Convivio:

the infant intensely longing for an apple; and then, later on, for a little bird; and then, still further on, fine clothes; and then a horse; and then a mistress; then modest riches; then more; and then still more. And that is because in none of these things does it find that for which it ever seeks, and it believes to find it further on.

It belongs to human desire, as he puts it, to be always reaching out in one way or another. “And the reason is this: the deepest desire of each thing, arising from its very nature, is to return to its principle. And because God is the principle of our soul, and has made it like himself (as it is written, ‘Let us make man in our image and likeness’), the soul mightily desires to return to him;” in short, to God. Prayer, as George Herbert wonderfully says, is “God’s breath in man returning to his birth,” essentially encapsulating the same understanding.

All this is profoundly beautiful and true and yet it is both forgotten and denied in our contemporary world. Radically incomplete and reductive forms of thinking such as psychology, economics, and the social sciences, collectively captured in the term ‘sociologism’, displace theology and philosophy as the primary forms of thought. We have lost a sense of God and our humanity in their intrinsic and necessary interrelation. This leads to the reduction of all authority to “mere power detached from any intrinsic ordination to truth and goodness”. As the Italian philosopher and statesman, Augusto Del Noce observes, sociologism effectively “reduces all conceptions of the world to ideologies, expressions of the historical-social situation of some groups, as spiritual superstructures or forces that are not spiritual at all, such as class interests, unconscious collective motivations, and concrete circumstances of social life”. Reducing all conceptions of the world to a kind of ‘social constructivism’ not only negates the transcendence of God and the givenness of creation but also itself since all human and social constructions depend upon principles prior to themselves. It is as if we are gods, making the world and God in our own image.

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